Investigating the Effect of Vitamin E and C Combined Treatment on Paraquat-Induced Liver Damage in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
South Asian Research Journal of Natural Products,
Page 52-59
Abstract
Paraquat has been referred to as a prominent suicide agent in a number of nations, not only because it is highly acutely poisonous, but also because it is readily available, relatively inexpensive, and has no known antidote. Vitamins E and C are well-known antioxidants that react quickly with free radicals and prevent lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to determine the ameliorative effect of vitamin E and C in paraquat induced liver poisoning in rats. A total of 200 male albino rats were used in the study. With 50 rats each, the rats were sorted into four main groups: A, B, C, and D. Each group was divided into two subgroups (0 and VEC), each with 25 rats. The "A" group received no paraquat, while the "B," "C," and "D" groups received 0.02g, 0.04g, and 0.06g of paraquat respectively. All “0” subgroups represented those not treated with Vit E and C combination therapy and those treated with 500mg of vitamin E and 2000mg/dl of vitamin C designated VEC. The paraquat induction frequency was every two weeks for three months, followed by two months of weekly vitamin treatments. Blood was drawn for SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and GGT testing. At p-value 0.05, there was a significant difference in these liver enzymes activities among the "A0", "B0", "C0", and "D0". There was a significant difference in these liver enzymes activities among the "AVEC," "BVEC," "CVEC," and "DVEC," p-value 0.05. As a result, significant differences in intra-group comparisons of SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and GGT p-value 0.05 were observed. This study discovered that combining vitamin E and C had an ameliorative effect on the liver as a result of PQ insult.
Keywords:
- Paraquat
- vitamin E
- vitamin C
- rat
- antioxidant
How to Cite
Okolonkwo, B. N. (2022). Investigating the Effect of Vitamin E and C Combined Treatment on Paraquat-Induced Liver Damage in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus). South Asian Research Journal of Natural Products, 5(3), 52-59. Retrieved from https://journalsarjnp.com/index.php/SARJNP/article/view/97
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Okolonkwo BN, Chikwubike UO, Amadi CF, Nyenke CU. Therapeutic effect of vitamin E on paraquat induced liver toxicity in male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Adv Med Med Res. 2022;34(17):1-7.
Botta R, Eiamchai P, Horprathum M, Limwichean S, Chananonnawathorn C, Patthanasettakul V, et al. 3D structured laser engraves decorated with gold nanoparticle SERS chips for paraquat herbicide detection in environments. Sens Actuators B. 2020;304:127327.
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.127327
Wesseling C, van Wendel de Joode B, Ruepert C, León C, Monge P, Hermosillo H et al. Paraquat in developing countries. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2001;7(4): 275-86.
DOI: 10.1179/107735201800339209, PMID 11783857.
Dede EB, Okolonkwo BN, Ngokere AA. Toxicological effect of paraquat on the his- tology of the stomach, small intestine and testis of male albino rats (Rattus rattus). Port Harcourt Med J. 2007;2:51-5.
Okolonkwo BN, Nwachuku EO. The antioxidant effects of vitamin C on liver enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotranferease, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities in rats under Paraquat Insult. J Xenobiot. 2013;3(1):2-6.
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PMID 1265764.
Clark DG, McElligott TF, Hurst EW. The tox- icity of paraquat. Br J Ind Med. 1966; 23(2):126-32.
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Cagen SZ, Janoff AS, Bus JS, Gibson JE. Effect of paraquat (methylviologen) on liver function in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1976;198(1):222-8. PMID 933008.
Murray RE, Gibson JE. A comparative study of paraquat intoxication in rats, guinea pigs and monkeys. Exp Mol Pathol. 1972;17(3):317-25.
DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(72)90044-5
PMID 4631780.
Akinloye OA, Adamson I, Ademuyiwa O, Arowolo TA. Supplementation of vitamins C, E and its combination on paraquat-intoxicated rats: Effects on some biochemical and markers of oxidative stress parameters. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011;1:85-91.
Zingg JM. Vitamin E: an overview of major research directions. Mol Aspects Med. 2007;28(5-6):400-22.
Available:https:.doi:10.1016/j.mam.2007.05.004
PMID 17624418.
Asada K. Ascorbate peroxidase – hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzyme in plants. Physiol Plant. 1992;85:235-41.
Shigeoka S, Ishikawa T, Tamoi M, Miyagawa Y, Takeda T, Yabuta Y, et al. Regulation and function of ascorbate per- oxidase isoenzymes. J Exp Bot. 2002; 53(372):1305-19.
DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.372.1305, PMID 11997377.
Wefers H, Sies H. The protection by ascor- bate and glutathione against microsomal lipid peroxidation is dependent on vitamin E. Eur J Biochem. 1988;174(2):353-7.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14105.x, PMID 3383850.
Wershana KZ. The influence of vitamin C or selenium on paraquat induced toxicity in Guinea Pigs. Pak J Biol Sci. 2000;4(1): 81-8.
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2001.81.88
Tantcheva LP, Stoeva ES, Galabov AS, Braykova AA, Savov VM, Mileva MM. Effect of vitamin E and vitamin C combination on experimental influenza virus infection. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2003;25(4):259-64.
DOI: 10.1358/mf.2003.25.4.769673
PMID 12808470.
Eizadi-Mood N, Sabzghabaee AM, Yaraghi A, Montazeri K, Golabi M, Sharifian A, et al. Effect of antioxidants on the outcome of therapy in paraquat intoxicated patients. Trop J Pharm Res. 2011;10(1):27-31.
DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v10i1.66537.
Sullivan TM, Montgomery MR. Ascorbic acid nutritional status does not affect the biochemical response to paraquat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1984;4(5):754-9.
DOI: 10.1016/0272-0590(84)90096-4
Eckert H, Schnorr R, Renner H, Oddoy A, Lisotschkin BG. Studies of lung damage by paraquat. 2. Effect of vitamin E on acute lung damage caused by paraquat. Z Erkr Atmungsorgane. 1987;169(2):147-52.
PMID 3687106.
Redetzki HM, Wood CD, Grafton WD. Vitamin E and paraquat poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1980;22(6):395-7.
PMID 7210466.
Yasaka T, Okudaira K, Fujito H, Matsumoto J, Ohya I, Miyamoto Y. Further studies of lipid peroxidation in human paraquat poisoning. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(4):681-5.
DOI:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360160093013, PMID 3963949.
Dinham B. Active ingredient fact sheet, paraquat in PAN UK: Pesticide News. 1996;32:20.
Available:http://www
Suntres ZE. Role of antioxidants in paraquat toxicity. Toxicology. 2002; 180(1):65-77.
DOI: 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00382-7 PMID 12324200.
Selvam NT, Venkatakrishnan V, Dhamodharan R, Murugesan S, Kumar SD. Hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Syzygium jambos (Linn.) leaf against paracetamol intoxicated Wistar albino rats. Ayu. 2013;34(3):305-8.
DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.123133, PMID 24501529.
Mehmetçik G, Ozdemirler G, Koçak-Toker N, Cevikbaş U, Uysal M. Effect of pretreatment with artichoke extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and oxidative stress. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2008;60(6):475-80.
DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.04.014, PMID 18583118.
Halliwell B. Gutteridge jM. The definition andmeasurement of antioxidants in biological systems. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;18:125-6.
DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(95)91457-3.
Calabrese V, Mancuso C, Sapienza M, Puleo E, Calafato S, Cornelius C et al. Oxidative stress and cellular stress response in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2007;12(4):299-306.
DOI: 10.1379/csc-270.1. PMID 18229449.
Balmus IM, Ciobica A, Trifan A, Stanciu C. The implications of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and animal models. Saudi J Gastroenterol Off J Saudi Gastroenterol Assoc. 2016;22(1):3-17.
DOI: 10.4103/1319 3767.173753.
Mohamed WA, Abd-Elhakim YM, Farouk SM. Protective effects of ethanolic extract of rosemary against lead-induced hepato-renal damage in rabbits. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2016;68(8):451-61.
DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.07.003
PMID 27449700.
Sarangarajan R, Meera S, Rukkumani R, Sankar P, Anuradha G. Antioxidants: friend or foe? Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017; 10(12):1111-6.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.10.017, PMID 29268965.
Carr A, Frei B. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? FASEB J. 1999;13(9): 1007-24.
DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.9.1007
PMID 10336883.
Menzel DB. The toxicity of air pollution in experimental animals and humans: the role of oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett. 1994; 72(1-3):269-77.
DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90038-8, PMID 8202941.
Hong SY, Hwang KY, Lee EY, Eun SW, Cho SR, Han CS et al. Effect of vitamin C on plasma total antioxidant status in patients with paraquat intoxication. Toxicol Lett. 2002;126(1):51-9.
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00431-3, PMID 11738270.
Sies H. Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Exp Physiol. 1997;82(2): 291-5.
DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1997.sp004024,
PMID 9129943.
Asada K. Ascorbate peroxidase – hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzyme in plants. Physiol Plant. 1992;85:235-41.
Springboard 2004. Vitamin E. The nutrition notebook. SB3.com. pp 12-8. Online.
Rhee SG. Cell signaling. H2O2, a necessary evil for cell signaling. Science. 2006;312(5782):1882-3.
DOI: 10.1126/science.1130481
PMID 16809515.
Mauro P, Renze B, In WW. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. 4th ed Carl AB, Edward R, David EB, editors. Elsevier; Enzymes. 2006;604-16.
Green RM, Flamm S. AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(4): 1367-84.
DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.36061
PMID 12360498.
Okolonkwo BN, Amadi CF, Chikwubike UO, Nyenke CU. The comparative effects of vitamin E + C on the chronic toxicity of paraquat in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Eur J Med Plants. 2022;33(6):7-13.
Okolonkwo BN, Chikwubike UO, Amadi CF, Nyenke CU. Therapeutic effect of vitamin E on paraquat induced liver toxicity in male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Adv Med Med Res. 2022;34(17):1-7.
Botta R, Eiamchai P, Horprathum M, Limwichean S, Chananonnawathorn C, Patthanasettakul V, et al. 3D structured laser engraves decorated with gold nanoparticle SERS chips for paraquat herbicide detection in environments. Sens Actuators B. 2020;304:127327.
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.127327
Wesseling C, van Wendel de Joode B, Ruepert C, León C, Monge P, Hermosillo H et al. Paraquat in developing countries. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2001;7(4): 275-86.
DOI: 10.1179/107735201800339209, PMID 11783857.
Dede EB, Okolonkwo BN, Ngokere AA. Toxicological effect of paraquat on the his- tology of the stomach, small intestine and testis of male albino rats (Rattus rattus). Port Harcourt Med J. 2007;2:51-5.
Okolonkwo BN, Nwachuku EO. The antioxidant effects of vitamin C on liver enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotranferease, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities in rats under Paraquat Insult. J Xenobiot. 2013;3(1):2-6.
DOI: 10.4081/xeno.2013.e5
Bus JS, Cagen SZ, Olgaard M, Gibson JE. A mechanism of paraquat toxicity in mice and rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1976; 35(3):501-13.
DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(76)90073-9,
PMID 1265764.
Clark DG, McElligott TF, Hurst EW. The tox- icity of paraquat. Br J Ind Med. 1966; 23(2):126-32.
DOI: 10.1136/oem.23.2.126, PMID 5929686.
Gibson JE, Cagen SZ. Paraquat – induced functional changes in kidney and liver. In: Wong RC, Stevens JB, editors. Biochemical mechanisms of paraquat toxicity. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press; 1977;117-36.
Cagen SZ, Janoff AS, Bus JS, Gibson JE. Effect of paraquat (methylviologen) on liver function in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1976;198(1):222-8. PMID 933008.
Murray RE, Gibson JE. A comparative study of paraquat intoxication in rats, guinea pigs and monkeys. Exp Mol Pathol. 1972;17(3):317-25.
DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(72)90044-5
PMID 4631780.
Akinloye OA, Adamson I, Ademuyiwa O, Arowolo TA. Supplementation of vitamins C, E and its combination on paraquat-intoxicated rats: Effects on some biochemical and markers of oxidative stress parameters. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011;1:85-91.
Zingg JM. Vitamin E: an overview of major research directions. Mol Aspects Med. 2007;28(5-6):400-22.
Available:https:.doi:10.1016/j.mam.2007.05.004
PMID 17624418.
Asada K. Ascorbate peroxidase – hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzyme in plants. Physiol Plant. 1992;85:235-41.
Shigeoka S, Ishikawa T, Tamoi M, Miyagawa Y, Takeda T, Yabuta Y, et al. Regulation and function of ascorbate per- oxidase isoenzymes. J Exp Bot. 2002; 53(372):1305-19.
DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.372.1305, PMID 11997377.
Wefers H, Sies H. The protection by ascor- bate and glutathione against microsomal lipid peroxidation is dependent on vitamin E. Eur J Biochem. 1988;174(2):353-7.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14105.x, PMID 3383850.
Wershana KZ. The influence of vitamin C or selenium on paraquat induced toxicity in Guinea Pigs. Pak J Biol Sci. 2000;4(1): 81-8.
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2001.81.88
Tantcheva LP, Stoeva ES, Galabov AS, Braykova AA, Savov VM, Mileva MM. Effect of vitamin E and vitamin C combination on experimental influenza virus infection. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2003;25(4):259-64.
DOI: 10.1358/mf.2003.25.4.769673
PMID 12808470.
Eizadi-Mood N, Sabzghabaee AM, Yaraghi A, Montazeri K, Golabi M, Sharifian A, et al. Effect of antioxidants on the outcome of therapy in paraquat intoxicated patients. Trop J Pharm Res. 2011;10(1):27-31.
DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v10i1.66537.
Sullivan TM, Montgomery MR. Ascorbic acid nutritional status does not affect the biochemical response to paraquat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1984;4(5):754-9.
DOI: 10.1016/0272-0590(84)90096-4
Eckert H, Schnorr R, Renner H, Oddoy A, Lisotschkin BG. Studies of lung damage by paraquat. 2. Effect of vitamin E on acute lung damage caused by paraquat. Z Erkr Atmungsorgane. 1987;169(2):147-52.
PMID 3687106.
Redetzki HM, Wood CD, Grafton WD. Vitamin E and paraquat poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1980;22(6):395-7.
PMID 7210466.
Yasaka T, Okudaira K, Fujito H, Matsumoto J, Ohya I, Miyamoto Y. Further studies of lipid peroxidation in human paraquat poisoning. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(4):681-5.
DOI:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360160093013, PMID 3963949.
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